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Preventing the potential spread of COVID-19 can involve a range of precautions, such as isolation and the wearing of personal protective equipment, and education to patients, healthcare workers and the broader community. Once COVID-19 is diagnosed, various treatments may be considered, together with education for the patient and their families/caregivers.

These data elements are described below, with example SNOMED CT subsets where applicable.

2.5.1 Prevention 
Anchor
Vaccination
Vaccination

Precautionary measures, such as 

Concept
t840534001 | SARS-CoV-2 vaccination |
Concept
t225368008 | Contact tracing |
, and 
Concept
t170499009 | Isolation of infection contact (procedure) |
 are extremely important in the fight against infectious diseases such as COVID-19. The following preventative measures can be recorded using SNOMED CT. 
Footnote ref


CV19-PTE-PreventionProcedures
Concept idFully Specified Nameen-US Preferred TermEffective Time

409524006

Airborne precautions (procedure)

Airborne precautions20040731
422181004Antibiotic prophylaxis (procedure)Antibiotic prophylaxis20060731
449399005Application of personal protective equipment (procedure)Application of personal protective equipment20110731
386242000Communicable disease management (procedure)Communicable disease management20030131
225368008Contact tracing (procedure)Contact tracing20020131

409529001

Contact precautions (procedure)

Contact precautions

20040731
409686004Disinfecting of equipment (procedure)Disinfecting of equipment20040731
449390009Ensuring use of supplies and equipment within safe parameters (procedure)Ensuring use of supplies and equipment within safe parameters20110731
122467006Fitting procedure (procedure)Fitting procedure20020131
77248004Infection control procedure (procedure) Infection control procedur20020131
370832005Initiation of traffic control (procedure)Initiation of traffic control20020731

361235007

Isolation of infected patient (procedure)

Isolation of infected patient20020131

170499009

Isolation of infection contact (procedure)

Isolation of infection contact20020131

170500000

Isolation of infection carrier (procedure)

Isolation of infection carrier

20020131
40174006Isolation procedure (procedure) Isolation technique20020131
225995005Maintaining a safe environment (procedure)Maintaining a safe environment20020131
275827007Maintaining asepsis (procedure)Maintaining asepsis20020131
38883000Preoperative disinfection of skin (procedure)Preoperative disinfection of skin20020131
29537000Preoperative shaving of skin (procedure)Preoperative shaving of skin20080131
736762004Provision of personal protective equipment (procedure)Provision of personal protective equipment20180131
409525007Respiratory secretion precautions (procedure)Respiratory secretion precautions20040731
410410006Screening surveillance (regime/therapy)Screening surveillance20040731
840534001Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccination (procedure)SARS-CoV-2 vaccination20200309
409522005Standard precautions (procedure)Standard precautions20040731
409684001Sterilization of equipment (procedure)Sterilization of equipment20040731
409583003Transmission-based precautions (procedure)Transmission-based precautions20040731
243791004Viral screening (procedure)Viral screening20080131

2.5.2 Education 
Anchor
Education
Education

Education is an important aspect of preventing and managing COVID-19 infection. The following SNOMED CT concepts may be used to record this data.

CV19-PTE-Education
Concept idFully Specified Nameen-US Preferred TermEffective Time
736017006Education about hand hygiene (procedure)Education about hand hygiene20180131
868263005Education about infectious disease (procedure)Education about infectious disease20200731
223426009Equipment use education (procedure)Equipment use education20020131
698608004Hand washing education (procedure)Hand washing education20140131
385820004Infection control education (procedure) Infection control education20100731

Please refer to 2.5.1 Extension Concepts - Treatment and Education for a list of known extension concepts.

2.5.3 Medication 
Anchor
Medication
Medication

A number of countries are trialling the use of medication to treat COVID-19. Many of these medications can be found in the 

Concept
t373873005 | Pharmaceutical / biologic product (product) |
 hierarchy of SNOMED CT. However until there is sufficient evidence, the WHO is cautioning against associations recommending or administering these unproven treatments to patients with COVID-19 or people self-medicating with them
Footnote ref
n2
. For this reason, we have not included a medication subset at this time.

2.5.4 Administrative Procedures 
Anchor
AdministrativeProcedures
AdministrativeProcedures

Patients with severe symptoms or complications may require admission to hospital, or other administrative procedures. The following administrative procedures may be recorded using SNOMED CT.

CV19-PTE-AdministrativeProcedures
Concept idFully Specified Nameen-US Preferred TermEffective Time
183452005Emergency hospital admission (procedure)Emergency hospital admission20020131
305376003Admission to infectious diseases department (procedure)Admission to infectious diseases department20020131
305351004Admission to intensive care unit (procedure)Admission to intensive care unit20020131
305360007Admission to respiratory medicine department (procedure)Admission to respiratory medicine department20020131
32485007Hospital admission (procedure)Hospital admission20020131
417005Hospital re-admission (procedure)Hospital re-admission20020131
107724000Patient transfer (procedure)Patient transfer20020131
397821002Patient transfer to intensive care unit (procedure)Patient transfer to intensive care unit20030731
710112000Transfer of care from hospital (procedure)Transfer of care from hospital20150731
429202003Transfer of care to hospital (procedure)Transfer of care to hospital20080131

2.5.5 Therapeutic Procedures 
Anchor
TherapeuticProcedures
TherapeuticProcedures

Patients suffering from severe COVID-19 symptoms or complications may require a range of therapeutic procedures, many of them involving supportive care to help them breathe. The following therapeutic procedures may be recorded using SNOMED CT.

CV19-PTE-TherapeuticProcedures
Concept idFully Specified Nameen-US Preferred TermEffective Time
40617009Artificial respiration (procedure)Artificial respiration20020131
233573008Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (procedure)Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation20020131
697984004Exteriorization of trachea (procedure)Exteriorization of trachea20140131
229301009Incentive spirometry (regime/therapy)Incentive spirometry20020131
829831000000100Insertion of fiducial marker into lung using computed tomography guidance (procedure)Insertion of fiducial marker into lung using computed tomography guidance20200731
447996002Intubation of respiratory tract (procedure)Intubation of respiratory tract20110731
243141005Mechanically assisted spontaneous ventilation (procedure)Mechanically assisted spontaneous ventilation20020131
428311008Noninvasive ventilation (procedure)

Noninvasive ventilation

20080131
371908008Oxygen administration by mask (procedure)Oxygen administration by mask20020731
371907003Oxygen administration by nasal cannula (procedure)Oxygen administration by nasal cannula20020731
431182000Placing subject in prone position (procedure)Placing subject in prone position20080731
11140008Respiratory assist, manual (procedure)Respiratory assist, manual20020131


2.5.6 Treatment Findings 
Anchor
TreatmentFindings
TreatmentFindings

Clinical findings relating to the treatment required or used by a patient may be captured in a health record. The following treatment findings may be recorded using SNOMED CT.

CV19-PTE-TreatmentFindings
Concept idFully Specified Nameen-US Preferred TermEffective Time
79031000119101Dependence on respirator (finding)Dependence on respirator20150731
931000119107Dependence on supplemental oxygen (finding)Dependence on supplemental oxygen20120731
444932008Dependence on ventilator (finding)Dependence on ventilator20100731
763326004Difficult mask ventilation (finding)Difficult mask ventilation20180731
718447001Difficult tracheal intubation (finding)Difficult intubation20160731
419991009Endotracheal tube present (finding)Endotracheal tube present20060131
405496006Inability to ventilate patients lungs mechanically (finding)Inability to ventilate patients lungs mechanically20040131
22803001Normal respiratory function (finding)Normal respiratory function20020131
371825009Patient on oxygen (finding)
Patient on oxygen20020731
371820004Patient ventilated (finding)Patient ventilated20020731
718085007Unable to intubate and unable to ventilate (finding)Cannot intubate cannot ventilate20160731
128258000Ventilation finding (finding)Ventilation finding20020131


2.5.7 Treatment Equipment 
Anchor
TreatmentEquipment
TreatmentEquipment

Respiratory equipment includes those medical devices used to support breathing and respiratory function - for example

Scg expression
706173000 |Intensive-care ventilator (physical object)|

, and

Scg expression
464328001 | Thoracic cannula (physical object) |

.


CV19-PTE-TreatmentEquipment
Intensional Definition:
Scg expression
ShowFormatinline
< 277973009 | Respiratory equipment (physical object) | 
  OR < 336589003 |Oxygen equipment (physical object)| 
  OR < 334943003 | Respiratory appliances (physical object) | 
  OR < 304077006 | Respiratory system device (physical object) | 
  OR < 706167001 | Anesthesia and respiratory device (physical object) |





Footnote block
  1. Audits in Infection Prevention and Control, IFIC Basic Concepts of Infection Control (Chapter 6), 3rd edition, 2016, International Federation of Infection Control
  2. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/global-research-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/solidarity-clinical-trial-for-covid-19-treatments