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Preventing the potential spread of COVID-19 can involve a range of precautions, such as isolation and the wearing of personal protective equipment, and education to patients, healthcare workers and the broader community. Once COVID-19 is diagnosed, various treatments may be considered, together with education for the patient and their families/caregivers

These data elements are described below, with example SNOMED CT subsets where applicable.

2.5.1 Prevention 
Anchor
Vaccination
Vaccination

Precautionary measures, such as 

Concept
t840534001 | SARS-CoV-2 vaccination |
Concept
t225368008 | Contact tracing |
, and 
Concept
t170499009 | Isolation of infection contact (procedure) |
 are extremely important in the fight against infectious diseases such as COVID-19. The following preventative measures can be recorded using SNOMED CT. 
Footnote ref


CV19-PTE-PreventionProcedures
Concept idFully Specified Nameen-US Preferred TermEffective Time
1157196000Administration of vaccine product containing only inactivated whole Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen (procedure)Administration of inactivated whole SARS-CoV-2 antigen vaccine20210731
1144997007Administration of first dose of vaccine product containing only Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 messenger ribonucleic acid (procedure)Administration of first dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine20210131
1157197009Administration of second dose of vaccine product containing only inactivated whole Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen (procedure)Administration of second dose of inactivated whole SARS-CoV-2 antigen vaccine20210731
1157108008Administration of second dose vaccine product containing only recombinant non-replicating viral vector encoding Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike protein (procedure)Administration of second dose SARS-CoV-2 non-replicating viral vector vaccine20210731
1144998002Administration of second dose of vaccine product containing only Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 messenger ribonucleic acid (procedure)Administration of second dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine20210131
1162646009Administration of second dose of vaccine product containing only Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 recombinant spike protein antigen (procedure)Administration of second dose of SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein antigen vaccine20210731
1156257007Administration of vaccine product against Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (procedure)Administration of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine20210731
1157107003Administration of vaccine product containing only recombinant non-replicating viral vector encoding Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike protein (procedure)Administration of SARS-CoV-2 non-replicating viral vector vaccine20210731
840534001Administration of vaccine product containing only Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen (procedure)Administration of SARS-CoV-2 antigen vaccine20210131
1119350007Administration of vaccine product containing only Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 messenger ribonucleic acid (procedure)Administration of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine20210131
1162645008Administration of vaccine product containing only Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 recombinant spike protein antigen (procedure)Administration of SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein antigen vaccine20210731

409524006

Airborne precautions (procedure)

Airborne precautions20040731
422181004Antibiotic prophylaxis (procedure)Antibiotic prophylaxis20060731
449399005Application of personal protective equipment (procedure)Application of personal protective equipment20110731
386242000Communicable disease management (procedure)Communicable disease management20030131
225368008Contact tracing (procedure)Contact tracing20020131

409529001

Contact precautions (procedure)

Contact precautions

20040731
409686004Disinfecting of equipment (procedure)Disinfecting of equipment20040731
449390009Ensuring use of supplies and equipment within safe parameters (procedure)Ensuring use of supplies and equipment within safe parameters20110731
122467006Fitting procedure (procedure)Fitting procedure20020131
77248004Infection control procedure (procedure)
 Infection
Infection control
procedur
procedure20020131
370832005Initiation of traffic control (procedure)Initiation of traffic control20020731

361235007

Isolation of infected patient (procedure)

Isolation of infected patient20020131

170499009

Isolation of infection contact (procedure)

Isolation of infection contact20020131

170500000

Isolation of infection carrier (procedure)

Isolation of infection carrier

20020131
40174006Isolation procedure (procedure) Isolation technique20020131
225995005Maintaining a safe environment (procedure)Maintaining a safe environment20020131
275827007Maintaining asepsis (procedure)Maintaining asepsis20020131
38883000Preoperative disinfection of skin (procedure)Preoperative disinfection of skin20020131
29537000Preoperative shaving of skin (procedure)Preoperative shaving of skin20080131
736762004Provision of personal protective equipment (procedure)Provision of personal protective equipment20180131
409525007Respiratory secretion precautions (procedure)Respiratory secretion precautions20040731
410410006Screening surveillance (regime/therapy)Screening surveillance20040731
840534001Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccination (procedure)
SARS-CoV-2 vaccination20200309
409522005Standard precautions (procedure)Standard precautions20040731
409684001Sterilization of equipment (procedure)Sterilization of equipment20040731
409583003Transmission-based precautions (procedure)Transmission-based precautions20040731
243791004Viral screening (procedure)Viral screening20080131

2.5.2 Prevention Findings 
Anchor
PreventionFindings
PreventionFindings

Clinical findings (or situations) relating to the COVID-19 preventative measures performed may be captured in a health record. The following prevention findings (or situations) may be recorded using SNOMED CT.

CV19-PTE-PreventionFindings
Concept idFully Specified Nameen-US Preferred TermEffective Time
1156256003Adverse reaction to component of vaccine product against Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (disorder)Adverse reaction to COVID-19 vaccine20210731
1157195001Adverse reaction to component of vaccine product containing only inactivated whole Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen (disorder)Adverse reaction to inactivated whole COVID-19 antigen vaccine20210731
1157106007Adverse reaction to component of vaccine product containing only recombinant non-replicating viral vector encoding Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike protein (disorder)Adverse reaction to COVID-19 non-replicating viral vector vaccine20210731
1142182006Adverse reaction to component of vaccine product containing only Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen (disorder)Adverse reaction to COVID-19 antigen vaccine20210131
1142181004Adverse reaction to component of vaccine product containing only Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 messenger ribonucleic acid (disorder)Adverse reaction to COVID-19 mRNA vaccine20210131
1162644007Adverse reaction to component of vaccine product containing only Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 recombinant spike protein antigen (disorder) Adverse reaction to COVID-19 recombinant spike protein antigen vaccine20210731
1145003007Hypersensitivity to vaccine product containing only Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 messenger ribonucleic acid (finding)Hypersensitivity to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine20210131
1157198004Inactivated whole Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen vaccine contraindicated (situation)Inactivated whole SARS-CoV-2 antigen vaccine contraindicated20210731
1157200005Inactivated whole Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen vaccine declined (situation)Inactivated whole SARS-CoV-2 antigen vaccine declined20210731
1157199007Second dose of inactivated whole Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen vaccine contraindicated (situation)Second dose of inactivated whole SARS-CoV-2 antigen vaccine contraindicated20210731
1157201009Second dose of inactivated whole Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen vaccine declined (situation)Second dose of inactivated whole SARS-CoV-2 antigen vaccine declined20210731
1145035007Second dose of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 messenger ribonucleic acid vaccine contraindicated (situation)Second dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine contraindicated20210131
1145034006Second dose of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 messenger ribonucleic acid vaccine declined (situation)Second dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine declined20210131
1157113007Second dose of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 non-replicating viral vector vaccine contraindicated (situation)Second dose of SARS-CoV-2 non-replicating viral vector vaccine contraindicated20210731
1157120000Second dose of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 non-replicating viral vector vaccine declined (situation)Second dose of SARS-CoV-2 non-replicating viral vector vaccine declined20210731
1162648005Second dose of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 recombinant spike protein antigen vaccine contraindicated (situation)Second dose of recombinant spike protein SARS-CoV-2 antigen vaccine contraindicated20210731
1162650002Second dose of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 recombinant spike protein antigen vaccine declined (situation)Second dose of SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein antigen vaccine declined20210731
1145031003Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen or Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 messenger ribonucleic acid vaccine declined (situation)SARS-CoV-2 vaccine declined20210131
1145023008Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen vaccine contraindicated (situation)SARS-CoV-2 antigen vaccine contraindicated20210131
1145033000Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen vaccine declined (situation)SARS-CoV-2 antigen vaccine declined20210131
1145030002Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen vaccination not indicated (situation)SARS-CoV-2 antigen vaccination not indicated20210131
1145022003Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 messenger ribonucleic acid vaccine contraindicated (situation)SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine contraindicated20210131
1145032005Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 messenger ribonucleic acid vaccine declined (situation)SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine declined20210131
1145029007Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 messenger ribonucleic acid vaccination not indicated (situation)SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination not indicated20210131
1157110005Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 non-replicating viral vector vaccine contraindicated (situation)SARS-CoV-2 non-replicating viral vector vaccine contraindicated20210731
1157118003Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 non-replicating viral vector vaccine declined (situation)SARS-CoV-2 non-replicating viral vector vaccine declined20210731
1162647000Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 recombinant spike protein antigen vaccine contraindicated (situation)SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein antigen vaccine contraindicated20210731
1162649002Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 recombinant spike protein antigen vaccine declined (situation)SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein antigen vaccine declined20210731
1156270003Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccination declined (situation)SARS-CoV-2 vaccination declined20210731
1156267002Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccination not indicated (situation) SARS-CoV-2 vaccination not indicated20210731
1156265005Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccine contraindicated (situation)SARS-CoV-2 vaccine contraindicated20210731
1156746003Vaccine-induced prothrombotic immune thrombocytopenia (disorder)Vaccine-induced prothrombotic immune thrombocytopenia20210731

2.5.3 Education 
Anchor
Education
Education

Education is an important aspect of preventing and managing COVID-19 infection. The following SNOMED CT concepts may be used to record this data.

CV19-PTE-Education
Concept idFully Specified Nameen-US Preferred TermEffective Time
736017006Education about hand hygiene (procedure)Education about hand hygiene20180131
868263005Education about infectious disease (procedure)Education about infectious disease20200731
223426009Equipment use education (procedure)Equipment use education20020131
698608004Hand washing education (procedure)Hand washing education20140131
385820004Infection control education (procedure) Infection control education20100731

Please refer to 2.5.1 Extension Concepts - Treatment and Education for a list of known extension concepts.

2.5.3

4 Medication 

Anchor
Medication
Medication

A number of countries are trialling the use of medication to treat COVID-19. Many of these medications can be found in the 

Concept
t373873005 | Pharmaceutical / biologic product (product) |
 hierarchy of SNOMED CT. However until there is sufficient evidence, the WHO is cautioning against associations recommending or administering these unproven treatments to patients with COVID-19 or people self-medicating with them
Footnote ref
n2
. For this reason, we have not included a medication treatment subset at this time.

COVID-19 vaccines, however, have been proven to be effective in clinical trials. The following generic vaccine concepts may be recorded using SNOMED CT.

CV19-PTE-Vaccines
Concept idFully Specified Nameen-US Preferred TermEffective Time
28531000087107Vaccine product against Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (medicinal product)COVID-19 vaccine20210731
1157024006Vaccine product containing only inactivated whole Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen (medicinal product)Inactivated whole SARS-CoV-2 antigen vaccine20210731
29061000087103Vaccine product containing only recombinant non-replicating viral vector encoding Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike protein (medicinal product)COVID-19 non-replicating viral vector vaccine20210731
1119305005Vaccine product containing only Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen (medicinal product)Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen only vaccine product20210131
1119349007Vaccine product containing only Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 messenger ribonucleic acid (medicinal product)Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 mRNA only vaccine product20210131
1162643001Vaccine product containing only Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 recombinant spike protein antigen (medicinal product)SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein antigen vaccine20210731

2.5.

4

5 Administrative Procedures 
Anchor
AdministrativeProcedures
AdministrativeProcedures

Patients with severe symptoms or complications may require admission to hospital, or other administrative procedures. The following administrative procedures may be recorded using SNOMED CT.

CV19-PTE-AdministrativeProcedures
Concept idFully Specified Nameen-US Preferred TermEffective Time
183452005Emergency hospital admission (procedure)Emergency hospital admission20020131
305376003Admission to infectious diseases department (procedure)Admission to infectious diseases department20020131
305351004Admission to intensive care unit (procedure)Admission to intensive care unit20020131
305360007Admission to respiratory medicine department (procedure)Admission to respiratory medicine department20020131
32485007Hospital admission (procedure)Hospital admission20020131
417005Hospital re-admission (procedure)Hospital re-admission20020131
107724000Patient transfer (procedure)Patient transfer20020131
397821002Patient transfer to intensive care unit (procedure)Patient transfer to intensive care unit20030731
710112000Transfer of care from hospital (procedure)Transfer of care from hospital20150731
429202003Transfer of care to hospital (procedure)Transfer of care to hospital20080131

2.5.

5

6 Therapeutic Procedures 
Anchor
TherapeuticProcedures
TherapeuticProcedures

Patients suffering from severe COVID-19 symptoms or complications may require a range of therapeutic procedures, many of them involving supportive care to help them breathe. The following therapeutic procedures may be recorded using SNOMED CT.

CV19-PTE-TherapeuticProcedures
Concept idFully Specified Nameen-US Preferred TermEffective Time
40617009Artificial respiration (procedure)Artificial respiration20020131
233573008Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (procedure)Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation20020131
697984004Exteriorization of trachea (procedure)Exteriorization of trachea20140131
229301009Incentive spirometry (regime/therapy)Incentive spirometry20020131
829831000000100Insertion of fiducial marker into lung using computed tomography guidance (procedure)Insertion of fiducial marker into lung using computed tomography guidance20200731
447996002Intubation of respiratory tract (procedure)Intubation of respiratory tract20110731
243141005Mechanically assisted spontaneous ventilation (procedure)Mechanically assisted spontaneous ventilation20020131
428311008Noninvasive ventilation (procedure)

Noninvasive ventilation

20080131
371908008Oxygen administration by mask (procedure)Oxygen administration by mask20020731
371907003Oxygen administration by nasal cannula (procedure)Oxygen administration by nasal cannula20020731
431182000Placing subject in prone position (procedure)Placing subject in prone position20080731
11140008Respiratory assist, manual (procedure)Respiratory assist, manual20020131
1156748002Transfusion of convalescent plasma into central vein (procedure)Transfusion of convalescent plasma into central vein20210731
1156747007Transfusion of convalescent plasma into peripheral vein (procedure)Transfusion of convalescent plasma into peripheral vein20210731


2.5.

6

7 Treatment Findings 
Anchor
TreatmentFindings
TreatmentFindings

Clinical findings relating to the treatment required or used by performed on a patient may be captured in a health record. The following treatment findings may be recorded using SNOMED CT.

CV19-PTE-
TreatmentFindings
TreatmentPreventionFindings
Concept idFully Specified Nameen-US Preferred TermEffective Time
79031000119101Dependence on respirator (finding)Dependence on respirator20150731
931000119107Dependence on supplemental oxygen (finding)Dependence on supplemental oxygen20120731
444932008Dependence on ventilator (finding)Dependence on ventilator20100731
763326004Difficult mask ventilation (finding)Difficult mask ventilation20180731
718447001Difficult tracheal intubation (finding)Difficult intubation20160731
419991009Endotracheal tube present (finding)Endotracheal tube present20060131
405496006Inability to ventilate patients lungs mechanically (finding)Inability to ventilate patients lungs mechanically20040131
22803001Normal respiratory function (finding)Normal respiratory function20020131
371825009Patient on oxygen (finding)
Patient on oxygen20020731
371820004Patient ventilated (finding)Patient ventilated20020731
718085007Unable to intubate and unable to ventilate (finding)Cannot intubate cannot ventilate20160731
128258000Ventilation finding (finding)Ventilation finding20020131


2.5.

7

8 Treatment Equipment 
Anchor
TreatmentEquipment
TreatmentEquipment

Respiratory equipment includes those medical devices used to support breathing and respiratory function - for example

Scg expression
706173000 |Intensive-care ventilator (physical object)|

, and

Scg expression
464328001 | Thoracic cannula (physical object) |

.


CV19-PTE-TreatmentEquipment
Intensional Definition:
Scg expression
ShowFormatinline
< 277973009 | Respiratory equipment (physical object) | 
  OR < 336589003 |Oxygen equipment (physical object)| 
  OR < 334943003 | Respiratory appliances (physical object) | 
  OR < 304077006 | Respiratory system device (physical object) | 
  OR < 706167001 | Anesthesia and respiratory device (physical object) |






Footnote block
  1. Audits in Infection Prevention and Control, IFIC Basic Concepts of Infection Control (Chapter 6), 3rd edition, 2016, International Federation of Infection Control
  2. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/global-research-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/solidarity-clinical-trial-for-covid-19-treatments